Sex Offender Profile

The existence of sexual feelings toward family members, friends or acquaintances does not signify a problem. However, the act of focusing on and then reinforcing these feelings create a compulsion to carry out sexual contact with another, including children and negates one's sense of discipline and self-control. Thus, forming an arousal pattern. To act on this arousal pattern and the impulse the person has created, the person insidiously justifies his/her behavior to him/herself.

Sex Offender Profile

Sex Offender Profile

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Sex Offender Profile

Sex Offender Profile

According to Finkelhor (Finkelhor, 1984; Araji and Finkelhor, 1985) there are four components that contribute, in differing degrees and forms, to the developMent of a child molester's behavior. To explain the diversity of behavior of sexual abusers, there are four factors in a compleMentary process. These four factors are sexual arousal, emotional congruence, blockage, and disinhibition:

Sexual arousal: In order for an adult to be aroused by a child, there has frequently been cultural or familial conditioning to sexual activity with children: such as corporal punishMent and/or sexual child abuse. The most recent study reveals approximately 50% of all sex offenders were victims of sexual assault (Smith & Israel, 1987; Johnson, 1988; Longo, 1982; Seabrook, 1990). 70% of child sex offenders have between 1 and 9 victims; at least 20% have 10 to 40 victims. Serial child sex offenders may have as many as 400 victims in a lifetime. Elliott, M., Browne, K., & Kilcoyne, J. (1995). Child sexual abuse prevention: What offenders tell us. Child Abuse & Neglect, 5, 579-594.

In my work with sex offenders in recovery the statistics reveal 85% of sex offenders were sexually abused as children. Furthermore, corporal punishment triggers sexual stimulation, thus inducing sexual arousal. As adults these corporal punishment and/or sexual abuse survivors use sexual contact to ward off the internal emotional pain caused by the sexual and/or physical punishment. It is a case of doing to others what was done to them. The acorn does not fall far from the tree. This explanation merely explains the behavior not condone it.

Accurate sexual child abuse statistics are difficult to obtain. Different definitions of sexual abuse and incest will result in different statistics. Self-reporting is only accurate if the victim accepts the same definition as defined by the researcher. Even more frustrating is the fact that many survivors do not remember their abuse.

Furthermore the controversy regarding the phenomenon of whether a person can 'forget' something as significant as sexual activity has long been debated. The Betrayal trauma theory has most accurately identified the child's experience. "[The] Betrayal trauma theory suggests that psychogenic amnesia is an adaptive response to childhood abuse. When a parent or other powerful figure violates a fundamental ethic of human relationships, victims may need to remain unaware of the trauma not to reduce suffering but rather to promote survival. Amnesia enables the child to maintain an attachment with a figure vital to survival, development and thriving." (E. Sue Blume, Secret Survivors)

Emotional congruence: There is comfort in relating to a child and satisfaction of emotional need through the abuse. This is apt to be due to arrested development through limited intelligence, immaturity or low self-esteem.

Blockage: Age appropriate sexual opportunities may be blocked by bad experiences with age appropriate adults, sexual dysfunction, limited social skills, or marital disturbance.

Disinhibition: The abuser may lose control through impulse control deficits, psychosis, alcohol, drugs, stress, or nonexistent family rules-coupled with sexual arousal conditioning.

Finkelhor suggests that examination of these factors can help explain why sexual abusers are predominately male. Rowan, Rowan, and Langelier (1981) studied 600 sex offender evaluations in New Hampshire and Vermont and found that in only nine cases (1.5 percent) was the perpetrator a woman. These nine incidents are reviewed in terms of Finkelhor's (1984) four-factor model. In five of the incidents studied, the abuse occurred in conjunction with a dominant male partner; in four, the woman acted independently. The histories of several of the women revealed a history of childhood abuse and all had serious psychological problems or limited intelligence. The victims of the four women who acted independently were male. Of the five women who acted in conjunction with a male, three victimized females, one victimized a male, and one victimized both a son and a daughter.

The authors concluded that none of these incidents were true paraphilics according to the DSM-llI-R but that the female sex offenders did fit the model proposed by Finkelhor. Understanding what motivates a person to abuse children sexually does NOT excuse him or her, or remove responsibility for the choices he or she has made.

Albeit the perpetrator (sex offender) was abused as a child, he/she is still responsible for his/her adult behavior and for the denial system that allows him/her to continue the abuse. The adult is responsible for protecting the welfare of children; therefore, the adult is responsible for protecting children even from him/herself if necessary.

Sex Offender Profile

The Types of Autoclave

We are in need of infection control for medical purpose. People are becoming more and more concerned about controlling pathogenic microorganism via medical instruMents. Controlling the contamination is very important to prevent dangerous pathogenic microorganism transfer from one person to another.

The Types of Autoclave

The Types of Autoclave

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The Types of Autoclave

The Types of Autoclave

There is an instruMent that is used to sterilize medical instruMents from pathogenic microorganisms. The instruMent is called autoclave sterilizer. There are several types of autoclave that we can find on the market. In this article I am going to explain each type.

1. Positive Pressure Displacement
This type is the improvement of downward displacement type. The steam is created within a second in separate unit (steam generator). The steam is released to the sterilization chamber to start the sterilization progress.

2. Negative Pressure Displacement
This type is one of the most recommended types of autoclave sterilizer. It is very accurate and it can achieve high sterility assurance level. The disappointing fact is that sometimes the system is too large and too expensive.

3. Downward Displacement
This unit is also called as the gravity displacement autoclave. This unit heats water that becomes steam. The steam then forces the Air in the chamber to go through the drain hole. The drain hole is closed once the temperature is sufficient for the serialization process to begin.

4. Triple Vacuum Displacement
This type is similar to the negative pressure displacement type. This unit is named "triple vacuum" because there are three process of removing the Air and the steam's pulse. This unit is perfect to sterile any kind of instruments.

5. Type "N" or type "B"
There are two classifications of autoclaves. You can find type "N" or type "B". Type "N" does not use vacuum to remove air from the chamber. Contrary, type "B" uses vacuum pump in operation.

From the classification that I have explained above, I hope that you can understand more about each type of autoclave. Understanding the type can be beneficial when you are going to get an autoclave.

The Types of Autoclave

Single Mothers Raising Black Children

In the past, single parents were looked upon with pity and shame. Before divorce was so common, it was viewed as highly unfortunate, and single parenting was regarded as sad. Though divorce is never a happy occasion, the circumstances surrounding single parenting today are much more varied and much less grim. Many single mothers and fathers are raising children alone by choice and happy to be doing it.

Single Mothers Raising Black Children

Single Mothers Raising Black Children

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Single Mothers Raising Black Children

Single Mothers Raising Black Children

Single Parenting in the Black Community

The African American community is one that has been dealing with single-parent households for many generations. In the past, single mothers raising black children have had to do so for numerous reasons, even outside of divorce. The statistics involving black males and early death (by violent crime or otherwise) was one factor. Incarceration rates among black males of child-rearing age were also responsible for the fact that most black single parents were woMen in the past.

The landscape of single parenting in the African-American community, as in other races has changed considerably over the last couple of decades. Single fathers are increasingly taking on the responsibility for raising children. Also, single mothers and single fathers are sharing responsibility of all aspects of child rearing.

Also, the circumstances surrounding single parenting have changed considerably, broadening the range of reasons it happens in the first place. More and more people are having children out of wedlock, simply for the objective of having children. Though these choices are still considered to be unconventional, they are more widely accepted today than they ever were before.

Issues and Concerns

For mothers raising black children alone, there are several factors that must be taken into consideration. One of the factors is finances. If a single mother is also the single financial provider, she is often working full time, and may even work more than one Job. In this case, adequate childcare must be arranged. For school-aged children, the cost of before and after school care can be easier for single parents to afford. If the child or children are too young for school, then the single parent must be able to afford full-time child care or at least be able to rely on the help of a grandparent or other relative that can help care for the children while the parent is out earning a living for the family.

Another consideration of black single parents is access to suitable male role models. Single mothers raising black children have traditionally struggled with this, as there isn't always a black male in the family that children can look to as a role model. Fortunately, there are more and more African-American "heroes" either in leadership positions, in the media, or in the community. Big brother and big sister programs offer access to role model material that black children can relate to and spend time with. Many of the organizations that provide matching services for children and "role models" promote healthy, long-term relationships that make all the difference in the lives of children being raised by black single parents.

Single Mothers Raising Black Children